마오즈의 생각하는방

자산의 감소 

글로벌위기때는 자산의감소를 인지하는데 좀 느렸다. 이유는 금융자산과 마찬가지로 전에는 발생한후에만 인지를 하였기 때문이다. 다시한번 강조하는 IFRS 9 은 Forward-looking !! 앞을보는것 미래의손실까지 예측하는것 !! 준비된자만이 위기를 극복할수있다. 

IFRS 9 anticipates that credit losses will be recognised prior to a financial asset becoming credit-impaired or an actual default occurring. 

그렇다면 이 자산의 감소/경제적 가치가 손상되었다는것은 무슨말일까 ?

A credit loss occurs when an entity receives lower cash flows than the amount that is contractually due to it.

받기로했던 돈보다 적게 받을수밖에없는상황이 되었을 때 우리는 그 떨어진 가치를 어떻게 기록해야하는가에 대한 문제이다.

IFRS 9 은 기업이 아래의 손실들을 재무상태표 (the statement of financial position /balance sheet)에 기록하도록 한다.

FRS 9 requires an entity to recognise a loss allowance in the statement of financial position for expected credit losses on

-      Financial assets measured at amortised cost or FVTOCI

-      Lease receivables

-      Contract assets

-      Loan commitments that are not measured at FVTPL

-      Financial guarantee contracts that are not measured at FVTPL

This means that a loss allowance is not recognised for

-Financial assets measured at FVTPL

-Equity instruments measured at FVTOCI

위의 조건들은 언제든지 참고해서볼수있으니 외우는데 열중하지말고 예시/실제상황이 왔을 때 어떻게 대입하냐가 중요하다

그렇다면 어떻게 이걸 예측할수있을까 ?

-      The period over which to estimate expected credit losses (ECLs). Entities must consider the maximum contractual period over which the entitiy is exposed to risk, including extension options exercisable by the borrower, the term of contractual commitment under financial guarantees, and undrawn loan commitments.

-      Unbiased probability-weighted outcomes.

-      The time value of money. Expected cash flows are discounted to the reporting date using the effective interest rate determined at initial recognition, or the current effective interest rate if the financial asse has a variable interest rate.

-      Reasonable and supportable information.

-      Collateral (담보물)

한마디로..모~~든 가능성을 염두해라 !

예를들어 A회사가 매출채권에관해 아래와같은 historical자료를 가지고있다

 Not past due 1%

0-3 days past due 2%

31-90 days past due 5%

91-180 days past due 15%

>180 days past due 25%

모든 손님들은 같은지역사람들이며 경제적타격이나 조건들이 비슷하다고한다

이 회사는 현재와 미래의 경제조건들을 예측했을 때 큰변화가 없을거라고 판단한다. 그렇다면 이회사는 이 자료를 credit loss를 예측하는데 쓸것이다.

IFRS 9을 적용하는데 있어서 기업들은 아래중 해당되는상황에따라 쓸수있다

-The general approach – applied to most loans and debt securities

-The simplified approach – applied to most trade receivables

-The purchased or originated credit-impaired approach

-Low credit risk operational simplification

하나하나 자세하게 살펴봐볼까 ?

1.    The general approach

-      No loss allowance for expected credit losses recognised as the asset is initially recognised at fair value.

@ Each reporting date

-      Stage 1: If there is no significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, entities provide for expected credit losses that may result from default events possible within the next 12 months.

처음 기록후에 큰 변화가 없다면 12개월안에 일어날 변화들에 대한 것을 제공한다. 반대로 첫 recognition 이후로

2.    The simplified approach to impairment

-      It doesn’t require the tracking of changes in credit risk, but instead requires the recognition of lifetime ECLs at all times.

여기서 중요한 포인트 ~~

Trade receivable과 contract asset은 어차피 12개월안에 만료라는 것 그래서 12개월 ECL과 같다 !

3.    Purchase of originated credit-impaired approach

Detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flow

예시로는 아래와 같다.

-      Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or borrower

-      A breach of contract

-      The lender has granted to the borrower a concession

-      Borrower will enter bankruptcy

-      The disappearance of an active market

4.    Low credit risk operational simplification

-      A financial asset that is determined to have low credit risk

IFRS 9 indicates that a financial asset is considered to have low credit risk if

-      There is a low risk of default by the borrower

-      The borrower has a strong capacity to meet its contractual cash flow obligations in the near term

-      Adverse changes in economic and business conditions in the longer term may, but not necessarily, reduce the ability of the borrower to fulfil its contractual cash flow obligations.